History and Politics of Cuba

 

In Cuba, Higher Education leads transformations to consolidate the initial training of a broad profile professional with emphasis on undergraduate, job training and postgraduate, with the implementation of the new training plan «E». The University of Pinar del Río, from the results of scientific research, makes a dialectic improvement of the current conceptions of the teaching-learning process of the History of Cuba towards a critical approach; for this the objective is needed: to base the critical approach of the teaching-learning process of the History of Cuba, for the students of the career Degree in Primary Education. The investigative process was guided by the Materialist Dialectical method, which supports the variety of theoretical methods: historical-logical, hypothetical-deductive, systemic, modeling and the empirical: observation, survey, interview, methodological triangulation and the pre-experiment, which allowed the explanation of the object of study as a process and the determination of its components, its relationships and contradictions. As a scientific result, the theory is provided that the critical approach resizes the teaching-learning process of the History of Cuba, with a systemic, pertinent and relevant character, starting from the dynamic structure of the didactic components of the process, which energize the formative process, which allows the teacher to consolidate his leadership with the use of the critical method, to propitiate in the subjects a leading role in reflective and critical learning of historical content and the solution of professional problems.

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The Cuban governmental structure is heavily bureaucratic (organized into many agencies). Until 1993, the Central Planning Board (JUCEPLAN, or Junta de Planificación Central), was responsible for economic planning. After 1993, in a move to create greater efficiency and to decentralize, different sectors of the economy became the responsibility of various ministerial bodies, including the Ministry of Tourism, the Ministry of Science, Technology, and the Environment, the Ministry of Industry, the Ministry of Sugar Planning, and the Ministry of Foreign Investment and Economic Cooperation, among others. The economy is largely state-controlled, with 75 percent of the labor force employed by the government. Therefore decisions that are made within each of these state-run ministries have a great impact on the economy and on the individual. The Cuban people have very little influence over government policies, most of which are directly handed down from the upper echelons of government.
Taxes do not constitute a large part of the govern-ment's revenues. Taxes were first introduced in 1994 as a method of controlling earnings from the burgeoning small-business sector. It was based on a flat-tax system with rates fixed at different levels for different businesses. By 2001, a more formalized system of income taxation was in the planning stages, one that might provide a large share of federal revenues in the future.

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SOURCE: José Vladimir Mauri Estévez, Itzmal Fernando Pereda Cuesta, Mirian Garriga Gómez, Madelin Guerras Llanes. Critical approach to the learning process of the History of Cuba. Revista MENDIVE. 2019;17(1):4-19. Accessed March 31, 2021. http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&AuthType=ip,shib&db=edsdoj&AN=edsdoj.44436cb8ead44ec4b1a98df8213ffecb&site=eds-live&scope=site

https://www.nationsencyclopedia.com/economies/Americas/Cuba-POLITICS-GOVERNMENT-AND-TAXATION.html